This RC low-pass filter (R = 1 kΩ, C = 1 µF) is driven by the green sine input while the violet trace is the output across the capacitor; the input frequency is swept from ~100 Hz to 50 kHz. With a cutoff 159 Hz, the output closely follows the input at 100 Hz (little attenuation, near-zero phase lag). As frequency rises to fc , the output amplitude drops to about 0.707 of the input (-3 dB) and the phase lags by ~45°. Beyond fc, the amplitude rolls off at ~20 dB/decade: at ~1.6 kHz (≈10 × ) it’s

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